Abstract The ability to write well in Latin was a fundamental requirement for anyone who wanted to occupy a relevant position in the diplomatic hierarchy of the 16th century. The Granvelle family, which produced two of the most eminent ministers in the reigns of Charles I and Philip II, recognized the importance of learning Latin. The education of its youngest members was a relevant aspect in the creation of its legacy and was closely monitored by the patriarch. The family’s epistolary exchanges thus offer a double function for the historian: the writing of Latin letters presents itself as an additional teaching instrument in an informal context, outside the educational system, and their personal correspondence becomes a rich source of information, for the details of student life in the 16th century abound.

Resumen La capacidad de escribir bien en latín era un requisito fundamental para todo aquel que quisiera ocupar un puesto relevante en la jerarquía diplomática del siglo XVI. La familia Granvela, que contaba con dos de los ministros más eminentes de los reinados de Carlos I y Felipe II, reconocía la importancia del aprendizaje del latín. La educación de sus miembros más jóvenes fue un aspecto relevante de la construcción de su legado y era controlada con suma atención por el patriarca. Los intercambios epistolares de la familia ofrecen así una doble función: la redacción de cartas latinas se convierte en un instrumento de enseñanza adicional en un contexto informal, externo al sistema educativo; además, la correspondencia personal se presenta como una rica fuente de información para el historiador en la cual abundan las descripciones de los pormenores de la vida estudiantil del siglo XVI.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There is a need for studies that correlate the severity of oral mucositis (OM) with chemotherapy protocols, transient myelosuppression and oral health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the severity of OM among individuals with solid tumors during hospitalization and its correlation with the type of chemotherapy, myelosuppression and oral health condition. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study at a public hospital in Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil, that is a regional referral center. METHODS: Individuals diagnosed with solid malignant tumors who received chemotherapy during hospitalization for completion of the antineoplastic treatment cycle or who presented complications resulting from this were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight individuals (24.3%) manifested some degree of OM. The most prevalent degrees of OM according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and modified WHO classification were grades 2 (11.3%) and 5 (4.3%), respectively. It was observed that the higher the OM-WHO (P < 0.001; r = 0.306) and modified OM-WHO (P < 0.001; r = 0.295) classifications were, the greater the oral pain reported by the individuals was. Presence of mucositis in the upper lip and buccal mucosa contributed to increased severity of OM and worsening of swallowing during hospitalization. Thus, severe OM was associated with use of the FOLFIRI protocol (folinic acid, fluorouracil and irinotecan). CONCLUSION: Individuals with tumors who presented severe OM had greater severity of oral pain and worse oral health. Use of the FOLFIRI protocol was associated with higher prevalence of severe OM, while use of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was correlated with worse oral condition.

Abstract Sub-daily resolution rain gauge data (pluviographic records) should be used to define extreme rainfall intensity-frequency-duration curves. However, there is a lack of these records for many countries, which leads to the application of rainfall disaggregation models that transforms maximum daily rainfall data into sub-daily depths. The agreement between the intensity-duration-frequency curves obtained with disaggregation models and using sub-daily rainfall data is necessary to support the disaggregation method's applicability. The daily rainfall disaggregation method using disaggregation coefficients is the most used in Brazil, despite the lack of performance evaluation. The linear regression and model identity test was used to compare the intensity of rainfall obtained with different methodologies to obtain intensity-duration-frequency curves in 116 rain gauges in Minas Gerais, Brazil. There is a significant difference between the maximum rainfall intensity (im) obtained from pluviographic records and those estimated by the daily rainfall disaggregation. Nevertheless, comparing the im estimated by the daily rainfall disaggregation methods and the im obtained by sub-daily rainfall data, good precision and accuracy are observed, especially using specific disaggregation coefficients. The disaggregation IDF relationships had an underestimation tendency of im, especially in larger return periods, which can be considered less harmful since the larger return periods are associated with higher safety projects. The practical result of this paper was the possibility of a simple and effective methodology to disaggregate the daily into a sub-daily resolution rainfall.

Abstract Remote sensing can assist in the acquisition of scarce surface data. The analyzes for validation of the precipitation product estimated by the TRMM satellite (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) were carried out with the precipitation data observed on the surface during the period from 1998 to 2019. For this purpose, precipitation data from the Pantanal biome meteorological stations were used, located between the 16 and 22°S parallels and the 55 and 58°W meridians, and compared with the data from the TRMM 3B42 V7 product algorithms. Statistical analysis was performed based on the correlation coefficient, root mean square error (RMSE), and relative bias (BIAS) between the monthly precipitation data observed on the surface and the estimated precipitation data. The results found for product 3B43 V7 indicated that the precipitation estimates were representative when compared to the surface observations. However, when compared for the rainy and dry periods, there was underestimation and overestimation, respectively, of the product. The product 3B42 V7 satisfactorily represents the precipitation that occurs on the surface.

Resumen La teledetección puede ayudar en la adquisición de datos de superficie escasos. Los análisis para la validación del producto de precipitación estimado por el satélite TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) se llevaron a cabo con los datos de precipitación observados en superficie durante el período de 1998 a 2019. Para ello, se utilizaron los datos de precipitación de estaciones meteorológicas em el bioma de Pantanal, utilizados, ubicados entre los paralelos 16 y 22°S y los meridianos 55 y 58°W y comparados con los datos de los algoritmos del producto TRMM 3B42 V7. El análisis estadístico se realizó con base en el coeficiente de correlación, el error cuadrático medio (RMSE), y el sesgo relativo (BIAS) entre los datos de precipitación mensual observados en la superficie y los datos de precipitación estimados. Los resultados encontrados para el producto 3B43 V7 indicaron que las estimaciones de precipitación fueron representativas en comparación con las observaciones de superfície. Sin embargo, cuando se compararon para los períodos lluvioso y seco, hubo subestimación y sobreestimación, respectivamente, del producto. El producto 3B42 V7 representa satisfactoriamente la precipitación que se produce en la superficie.

Resumo O sensoriamento remoto pode auxiliar na aquisição de dados de superfície escassos. As análises para validação do produto de precipitação estimado pelo satélite TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) foram realizadas com os dados de precipitação observados na superfície durante o período de 1998 a 2019. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de precipitação de estações meteorológicas do bioma Pantanal, usados, localizados entre os paralelos de 16 e 22°S e os meridianos de 55 e 58°W e comparados com os dados dos algoritmos de produto TRMM 3B42 V7. A análise estatística foi realizada com base no coeficiente de correlação, erro quadrático médio (RMSE), e viés relativo (BIAS) entre os dados de precipitação mensal observados na superfície e os dados de precipitação estimados. Os resultados encontrados para o produto 3B43 V7 indicaram que as estimativas de precipitação foram representativas quando comparadas às observações de superfície. Porém, quando comparadas para os períodos chuvoso e seco, houve subestimação e superestimação, respectivamente, do produto. O produto 3B42 V7 representa de forma satisfatória a precipitação que ocorre na superfície.

ABSTRACT Detecting trends in streamflow and rainfall series can have great significance for proper water resource management. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the trends of historical streamflow and rainfall series using nonparametric statistical tests. A historical series of pluviometric and fluviometric gauges, which belong to the hydrometeorological network of the Brazilian Water National Agency in the Santo Antônio River Basin, Brazil, from 1985 to 2014 were used. By applying statistical tests, it was found that the time series are independent and random, and from the total 24 rainfall gauges evaluated, 12 presented nonstationary behavior, exhibiting mostly decreasing trends. Based on the six fluviometric gauges used for the annual streamflow series, only the annual data of one gauge tended to decrease to the minimum streamflow. However, for the monthly series, three gauges showed decreasing trends between July and September. This decrease in streamflow may be a consequence of rainfall reductions, high water demand, and changes in land use and cover.

RESUMO: Bovinos e equinos são os animais domésticos com maior incidência de raiva no Brasil. Este estudo avaliou formulários de solicitação de testes para raiva em herbívoros acompanhando amostras enviadas a um laboratório certificado de diagnóstico de raiva no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As informações foram obtidas sistematicamente de todos os formulários enviados ao laboratório em 2013 e 2014 utilizando um instrumento de coleta que selecionou variáveis sobre o tipo de formulário utilizado, município de origem, descrição do animal suspeito, sinais clínicos, coleta de amostra e procedimento de conservação. As 11 variáveis mais relevantes (município de origem, coordenadas geográficas, espécie, gênero, raça, idade, tamanho do rebanho, sinais clínicos, persistência de sinais clínicos, material biológico e conservação da amostra) foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade dos dados inseridos, e os dados percentuais foram calculados por formulário. No total, 603 formulários foram enviados para o laboratório. O formulário mais utilizado foi o FORM SN, (82,0%, 497/603). Dados classificados como “excelentes” e “bons” foram observados apenas para uma variável que descreve a localização de casos suspeitos de raiva ou surtos e animais (espécie, gênero, material biológico). A qualidade da entrada dos dados das variáveis que descrevem coordenadas geográficas, idade, raça, tamanho do rebanho, sinais clínicos, persistência de sinais e método de conservação da amostra variou entre “regular” e “ruim”. A qualidade dos dados dos formulários de solicitação de testes para herbívoros não foi devidamente fornecida em casos suspeitos de síndromes neurológicas, apontando para a necessidade de aumentar a conscientização e melhorar o treinamento do pessoal de campo.

ABSTRACT: Bovines and equines are the domestic animals with the highest incidence of rabies in Brazil. This study evaluated the data input in testing request forms for rabies in herbivores accompanying samples sent to a certified laboratory of rabies diagnosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Information was obtained systematically from all forms sent to the laboratory in 2013 and 2014 using a collection instrument that listed variables about the kind of form used, municipality of origin, description of the suspected animal, clinical signs, sample collection, and conservation procedure. The 11 most relevant variables (municipality of origin, geographic coordinates, species, gender, breed, age, herd size, clinical signs, persistence of clinical signs, biological material, and sample conservation) were assessed for the quality of the data entered, and percentage data input was calculated per form. In total, 603 forms were sent to the laboratory. The most used form was the FORM SN, (82.0%, 497/603). “Excellent” and “good” data inputs were observed only for one variable describing the location of suspected rabies cases or outbreaks and animals (species, gender, biological material). Quality of data input of variables describing geographic coordinates, age, breed, herd size, clinical signs, persistence of signs, and sample conservation method varied between “average” and “poor”. The data input in testing request forms for herbivores are not dully supplied in suspected cases neurological syndromes, pointing to the need to increase awareness and improve training of field staff.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou estabelecer um critério sobre qual teste de aderência deve ser preferido na escolha de funções de distribuição de probabilidades (fdp). Para tal, foram ajustadas as fdp: Gumbel (GUM), Generalizada de valores extremos (GEV) e Log-normal a 2 parâmetros (LN2), através dos métodos dos momentos, momentos-L e máxima verossimilhança, em séries de precipitação diária máxima anual de 11 estações localizadas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Sapucaí. A aderência dessas fdp aos dados foi feita pelos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), Qui-quadrado (χ2), Filliben (Fi) e Anderson-Darling (AD). Verificaram-se quais testes de aderência são mais rigorosos na seleção de distribuições de probabilidade e, ainda, os testes de aderência que convergem os resultados para a escolha da fdp com melhor desempenho na análise de incerteza e/ou nas estatísticas de ajuste. Os testes de aderência mais rigorosos no aceite da aderência da fdp aos dados são os testes de Fi e AD. O teste de Fi é o que mais converge para a escolha da fdp com melhor desempenho na análise de incerteza e nas estatísticas de ajuste, seguido pelo teste de χ2, portanto devem ser preferidos. As fdp GUM e GEV se destacaram em representar os dados de precipitação máxima anual.

Abstract This study aimed to establish a criterion on which good of fit test should be preferred in the choice of probability distribution functions (pdf). For this, the Gumbel (GUM), Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and 2-parameter Log-Normal (LN2) were fit Moments, L-moments and maximum likelihood methods, in annual maximum daily precipitation series of 11 rain gauges located in the hydrographic basin of the Sapucaí river. The adherence of these fdp to the data was made by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), Chi-square (χ2), Filliben (Fi) and Anderson-Darling (AD) tests. It was verified which good of fit tests are more rigorous in the selection of pdf and also the good of fit test that converge the results to the choice of the best performing fdp in the uncertainty analysis and/or statistics performance. The most stringent good of fit test on the adherence of fdp to the data are the Fi and AD tests. The Fi test, followed by the χ2 test showed best performance in terms of goodness of fit and convergence therefore, they should be preferred to others tests. The GUM and GEV are great pfd in representing the annual maximum precipitation data.

Abstract Speculative price bubbles are defined as a significant deviation between an asset's intrinsic value and its market value and in this paper it refers to stock values. Literature about the theme has noted the existence of bubbles in various types of markets and their respective assets. A great deal of effort has been directed toward identifying bubbles in stock price indices. However, few research endeavors focus on assets as the unit of analysis. Studies about stocks in Brazil have identified the presence of bubbles in IBOVESPA (São Paulo Stock Exchange Index). Given this context and assuming that the speculative bubbles are present in the Brazilian stock market, this research is focused on the following question: Is there evidence of the existence of speculative bubbles in stock prices traded on the São Paulo Stock Exchange? Econometric tests were performed on twenty-seven stocks, based upon their positions each semester, for the period between the first semesters of 1990 until the first semester of 2010. The nominal values of the selected stocks were adjusted for inflation by the IPCA (Brazilian Consumer Price Index). In order to identify the presence of bubbles, we applied the Johansen non-cointegration test and/or the Granger non-causality test between the intrinsic value, dividends and interest on equity capital, and the market value (semester closing price) of the stocks. The primary findings reveal a presence of bubbles in twenty of the twenty-seven stocks, at a 5% significance level. Of the seven stocks not showing evidence of bubbles, six are financial institutions. In five stocks the tests reveal Granger causality stemming from the market value toward the intrinsic value. The study findings are consistent and contribute with previous research in the literature and, are useful for investors, financial institutions, academics, government agents, and traders.

Resumen Las burbujas de precios especulativas se definen como una desviación significativa entre el valor intrínseco de un activo y su valor de mercado y en este artículo se refiere a los valores de las acciones. La literatura sobre el tema ha señalado la existencia de burbujas en diversos tipos de mercados y sus respectivos activos. Un gran esfuerzo se ha dirigido hacia la identificación de burbujas en los índices de precios de las acciones. Sin embargo, pocos esfuerzos de investigación se centran en los activos como la unidad de análisis. Los estudios sobre existencias en Brasil han identificado la presencia de burbujas en IBOVESPA (Índice de Bolsa de São Paulo). Dado este contexto y suponiendo que las burbujas especulativas están presentes en el mercado de valores brasileño, esta investigación se centra en la siguiente pregunta: ¿Existe evidencia de la existencia de burbujas especulativas en los precios de las acciones cotizadas en la Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo? Las pruebas econométricas se realizaron en veintisiete acciones, con base en sus posiciones cada semestre, para el período comprendido entre los primeros semestres de 1990 hasta el primer semestre de 2010. Los valores nominales de las acciones seleccionadas fueron ajustados por inflación por el IPCA (Índice de precio). Para identificar la presencia de burbujas, se aplicó la prueba de no cointegración de Johansen y / o la prueba de no causalidad de Granger entre el valor intrínseco, los dividendos y los intereses sobre el capital social, y el valor de mercado (precio de cierre semestral). Los hallazgos primarios revelan una presencia de burbujas en veinte de las veintisiete poblaciones con UN nivel de significación del 5%. De las siete acciones que no muestran evidencia de burbujas, seis son instituciones financieras. En cinco poblaciones las pruebas revelan la causalidad de Granger, derivada del valor de mercado hacia el valor intrínseco. Los resultados del estudio son consistentes y contribuyen con investigaciones previas en la literatura y son útiles para inversionistas, instituciones financieras, académicos, agentes gubernamentales y comerciantes.

Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus disease, a complex multisystem syndrome in domestic pigs. Despite the significant economic losses caused by porcine circovirus disease, the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying the clinical findings remain largely unclear. As various reports have highlighted the potential key role of vascular lesions in the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus disease, the aim of this work was to investigate effects of PCV2 infection on vascular endothelial cells, focusing on cell viability and expression of adhesion/junction molecules. PCV2 infection reduced endothelial cell viability, while viral infection did not affected the viability of several other classical cell lines. Also, PCV2 infection in endothelial cells displayed a dual/biphasic effect: initially, infection increased ICAM-1 expression, which can favor leukocyte recruitment and emigration to tissues and possibly inducing characteristic porcine circovirus disease inflammatory lesions; then, secondarily, infection caused an increase in zonula occludens 1 tight junction protein (ZO-1) expression, which in turn can result in difficulties for cell traffic across the endothelium and a potential impairment the immune response in peripheral tissues. These virus-induced endothelial changes could directly impact the inflammatory process of porcine circovirus disease and associated vascular/immune system disturbances. Data suggest that, among the wide range of effects induced by PCV2 on the host, endothelial modulation can be a pivotal process which can help to explain PCV2 pathogenesis in some porcine circovirus disease presentations.

Abstract Health problems related to a low level of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents have prompted research into extracurricular PA programs. This study was designed to determine the effects of two different levels of PA on the health-related fitness of school children. Ninety-four girls and boys (7-9 years) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or intervention group (IG). Over a 12 week study period, children in the CG participated in a similar PA program to that of a standard school physical education program while those in the IG completed a high intensity interval training (HIIT) program. Both programs involved two 40 minute extracurricular sessions per week. Our findings indicate that the HIIT intervention improved motor capacity (speed/agility), Vpeak, VO2 max and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) (p < 0.05) along with the musculoskeletal capacity of the lower trunk (mean propulsive velocity and standing long jump, p < 0.05). The PA program had no effect on anthropometric variables or hand-grip strength. The data indicate that a 12 week strength training program using workloads adapted to children may significantly improve several markers of health and physical fitness compared to a standard school PA program.

Abstract This manuscript reports on the application of microsatellite markers to assess the effectiveness of controlled crosses and assess the genetic identity of seed samples from a same common bean cultivar (BRS Estilo). The DNA was extracted from leaf tissue collected from F1 plants and their parents as well as from seed samples of the cv. BRS Estilo by the alkaline lysis method. In all cases, genotyping was carried out with 24 microsatellite markers distributed in four multiplex panels with six markers each. Of the 392 F1 plants analyzed, obtained from 21 different biparental crosses, 325 (82.91%) was confirmed as real hybrids by the molecular analysis. The genetic analysis of the four BRS Estilo seed samples (two of certified seeds and two of saved seeds) detected 100.00% genetic identity with the samples used as control in only one certified seed sample.

This study analyzes the ventilatory response in 46 male children (8.28 ± 1 year) during a maximal incremental test in cycle ergometer and the blood lactate concentrations at the end of the test. The increase was 10 watts every minute starting at 25 watts. During the test the expired air was collected through a facial mask and analyzed breath by breath. The second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was determined according to gas exchange methods. All children carried out a maximum power (Pmax) of 82.4 ± 1.6 W and a peak oxygen consumption (VO2) of 44.69 ± 3.01 mL/kg/min. The VT2 was at 86.5% of peak VO2. The blood lactate at the end of the test was 9.65 ± 1.58 mM/L. The blood lactate concentrations are much higher than those reported in most studies and they do not seem to be different to those observed in well-trained sportsmen at the end of a similar test. We obtained the equation for the relationship between carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and ventilation (VE) and it was linear (y = 0.0324x - 0.008; R² = 0.999). When compared with adults previously assessed in our laboratory (y = 0.0347x + 0.1452; R² = 0.9854) they were practically identical. This may be a good argument to consider the ability for eliminating carbon dioxide in children as high as that in adults.

Este estudio analiza la respuesta ventilatoria en 46 niños varones (8,28 ± 1 años) durante una prueba máxima incremental en cicloergómetro y las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo al final de la prueba. El incremento fue de 10 vatios cada minuto y se inició a 25 vatios. Durante la prueba el aire espirado se recolectó a través de una mascarilla facial y se analizó respiración a respiración. El segundo umbral ventilatorio (VT2) se determinó según los métodos de intercambio de gases. Todos los niños alcanzaron una potencia máxima (Pmáx) de 82,4 ± 1,6 W y un consumo pico de oxígeno (VO2) de 44,69 ± 3,01 ml/kg/min. El VT2 estaba en el 86,5% del VO2pico. El lactato sanguíneo al final de la prueba fue de 9,65 ± 1,58 mM/l. Las concentraciones de lactato sanguíneo son mucho mayores que las registradas en la mayoría de los estudios previos y no parecen ser diferentes a las observadas en deportistas bien entrenados al final de una prueba similar. La ecuación que obtuvimos de la relación entre producción de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) y ventilación (VE) fue lineal (y = 0,0324x - 0,008; R² = 0,999). En comparación con adultos evaluados previamente en nuestro laboratorio (y = 0,0347x + 0,1452; R² = 0,9854) fueron prácticamente idénticas. Esto puede ser un argumento válido para considerar que la capacidad de eliminar CO2 en niños es tan alta como la de los adultos.

The purpose of this review was to analyze the scientific production about extra-curricular physical activity (PA) in western children of 6-12 years. Medline / Pub-Med, Scopus and Google Scholar were used. This search collects articles published between January 1990 and May 2013. A total of 104 publications were analyzed. The body composition parameters are best used to assess the results of the studies, followed by those which estimate the maximum aerobic capacity. Articles of intervention are presented with very heterogeneous methodological features but there are clear trends in the use of certain aspects. As for the reviews, most are systematic and include meta-analysis. In this studies, body mass index (BMI) is the most used parameter.

El objetivo fue realizar un análisis de la producción científica desarrollada hasta la fecha sobre actividad física (AF) extra-curricular en niños occidentales de 6 a 12 años. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Medline/Pub-Med, Scopus y metabuscador Google Scholar para recoger artículos publicados entre enero de 1990 y mayo de 2013. Se analizó un total de 104 publicaciones. Los parámetros de composición corporal son los más utilizados para valorar los resultados de los estudios, seguidos de aquellos que estiman la capacidad aeróbica máxima. Los artículos de intervención se presentan con unas características metodológicas muy heterogéneas, aunque existen tendencias claras en el uso de determinados aspectos. En cuanto a las revisiones, la mayoría son sistemáticas e incluyen metaanálisis; el índice de masa corporal (IMC) es el parámetro más utilizado.

The purpose of this review was to analyze the scientific production about extra-curricular physical activity (PA) in western children of 6-12 years. Medline / Pub-Med, Scopus and Google Scholar were used. This search collects articles published between January 1990 and May 2013. A total of 104 publications were analyzed. The body composition parameters are best used to assess the results of the studies, followed by those which estimate the maximum aerobic capacity. Articles of intervention are presented with very heterogeneous methodological features but there are clear trends in the use of certain aspects. As for the reviews, most are systematic and include meta-analysis. In this studies, body mass index (BMI) is the most used parameter.

El objetivo fue realizar un análisis de la producción científica desarrollada hasta la fecha sobre actividad física (AF) extra-curricular en niños occidentales de 6 a 12 años. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Medline/Pub-Med, Scopus y metabuscador Google Scholar para recoger artículos publicados entre enero de 1990 y mayo de 2013. Se analizó un total de 104 publicaciones. Los parámetros de composición corporal son los más utilizados para valorar los resultados de los estudios, seguidos de aquellos que estiman la capacidad aeróbica máxima. Los artículos de intervención se presentan con unas características metodológicas muy heterogéneas, aunque existen tendencias claras en el uso de determinados aspectos. En cuanto a las revisiones, la mayoría son sistemáticas e incluyen metaanálisis; el índice de masa corporal (IMC) es el parámetro más utilizado.